Metal gate scheme for device and methods of forming

ABSTRACT

Gate structures and methods of forming the gate structures are described. In some embodiments, a method includes forming source/drain regions in a substrate, and forming a gate structure between the source/drain regions. The gate structure includes a gate dielectric layer over the substrate, a work function tuning layer over the gate dielectric layer, a first metal over the work function tuning layer, an adhesion layer over the first metal, and a second metal over the adhesion layer. In some embodiments, the adhesion layer can include an alloy of the first and second metals, and may be formed by annealing the first and second metals. In other embodiments, the adhesion layer can include an oxide of at least one of the first and/or second metal, and may be formed at least in part by exposing the first metal to an oxygen-containing plasma or to a natural environment.

This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/155,278, filed on Apr. 30, 2015, entitled “Metal GateScheme for Device and Methods of Forming,” which application is herebyincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor devices are used in a variety of electronic applications,such as personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and otherelectronic equipment, as examples. Semiconductor devices are typicallyfabricated by sequentially depositing insulating or dielectric layers,conductive layers, and semiconductive layers of material over asemiconductor substrate, and patterning the various material layersusing lithography to form circuit components and elements thereon.

Transistors are circuit components or elements that are often formed onsemiconductor devices. Many transistors may be formed on a semiconductordevice in addition to capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes,conductive lines, or other elements, depending on the circuit design. Afield effect transistor (FET) is one type of transistor.

Generally in conventional structures, a transistor includes a gate stackformed between source and drain regions. The source and drain regionsmay include a doped region of a substrate and may exhibit a dopingprofile suitable for a particular application. The gate stack ispositioned over the channel region and may include a gate dielectricinterposed between a gate electrode and the channel region in thesubstrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the followingdetailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It isnoted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry,various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of thevarious features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity ofdiscussion.

FIGS. 1 through 8 are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages inthe manufacturing of complementary Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of a gate structure of a FET in accordancewith some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, orexamples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specificexamples of components and arrangements are described below to simplifythe present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and arenot intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a firstfeature over or on a second feature in the description that follows mayinclude embodiments in which the first and second features are formed indirect contact, and may also include embodiments in which additionalfeatures may be formed between the first and second features, such thatthe first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition,the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters inthe various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicityand clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between thevarious embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degreesor at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors usedherein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) and methods of forming the same areprovided in accordance with various embodiments. Intermediate stages offorming FETs are illustrated. Some embodiments discussed herein arediscussed in the context of planar FETs formed using a gate-lastprocess. Some embodiments contemplate aspects used in other devices,such as finFETs. Some variations of the embodiments are discussed. Oneof ordinary skill in the art will readily understand other modificationsthat may be made that are contemplated within the scope of otherembodiments. Although method embodiments are discussed in a particularorder, various other method embodiments may be performed in any logicalorder and may include fewer or more steps described herein.

FIGS. 1 through 8 are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages inthe manufacturing of complementary FETs in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment. FIG. 1 illustrates a substrate 40. The substrate 40 may be asemiconductor substrate, such as a bulk semiconductor substrate, asemiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, a multi-layered or gradientsubstrate, or the like. The substrate 40 may include a semiconductormaterial, such as an elemental semiconductor including Si and Ge; acompound or alloy semiconductor including SiC, SiGe, GaAs, GaP, GaAsP,AlInAs, AlGaAs, GaInAs, InAs, GaInP, InP, InSb, and/or GaInAsP; or acombination thereof. The substrate 40 may be doped or un-doped. In aspecific example, the substrate 40 is a bulk silicon substrate.

FIG. 2 illustrates the formation of isolation regions 42, such asShallow Trench Isolation (STI) regions, in the substrate 40, such asbetween a first region 100 and a second region 200. In some embodimentsto form the isolation regions 42, trenches are formed in the substrate40 by etching. The etching may be any acceptable etch process, such as areactive ion etch (RIE), neutral beam etch (NBE), the like, or acombination thereof. The etch may be anisotropic. An insulation materialis formed in the trenches. The insulation material may be an oxide, suchas silicon oxide, a nitride, the like, or a combination thereof, and maybe formed by a high density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD),a flowable CVD (FCVD) (e.g., a CVD-based material deposition in a remoteplasma system and post curing to make it convert to another material,such as an oxide), the like, or a combination thereof. Other insulationmaterials formed by any acceptable process may be used. In theillustrated embodiment, the insulation material is silicon oxide formedby a FCVD process. An anneal process may be performed once theinsulation material is formed. Further in FIG. 2, a planarizationprocess, such as a chemical mechanical polish (CMP), may remove anyexcess insulation material and form top surfaces of the isolationregions 42 and a top surface of the substrate 40 that are co-planar.

Although not specifically illustrated, appropriate wells may be formedin the substrate 40. For example, a p-well may be formed in the firstregion 100 of the substrate 40 where an n-type device, such as an n-typeFET, is to be formed, and an n-well may be formed in the second region200 of the substrate 40 where a p-type device, such as a p-type FET, isto be formed.

For example, to form a p-well in the first region 100, a photoresist canformed over the second region 200 of the substrate 40. The photoresistcan be patterned to expose the first region 100 of the substrate 40. Thephotoresist can be formed by using a spin-on technique and can bepatterned using acceptable photolithography techniques. Once thephotoresist is patterned, a p-type impurity implant can be performed inthe first region 100, and the photoresist may act as a mask tosubstantially prevent p-type impurities from being implanted into thesubstrate 40 in the second region 200. The p-type impurities may beboron, BF₂, or the like implanted in the substrate 40 the first region100 to a concentration of equal to or less than 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, such asbetween about 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ and about 10¹⁸ cm⁻³. After the implant, thephotoresist can be removed, such as by an acceptable ashing process.

Further, to form an n-well in the second region 200, a photoresist canbe formed over the first region 100 of the substrate 40. The photoresistcan be patterned to expose the second region 200 of the substrate 40.The photoresist can be formed by using a spin-on technique and can bepatterned using acceptable photolithography techniques. Once thephotoresist is patterned, an n-type impurity implant can be performed inthe second region 200, and the photoresist may act as a mask tosubstantially prevent n-type impurities from being implanted into thesubstrate 40 in the first region 100. The n-type impurities may bephosphorus, arsenic, or the like implanted in the substrate 40 in thesecond region 200 to a concentration of equal to or less than 10¹⁸ cm⁻³,such as between about 10¹⁷ cm⁻³ and about 10¹⁸ cm⁻³. After the implant,the photoresist can be removed, such as by an acceptable ashing process.After the implants, an anneal may be performed to activate the p-typeand n-type impurities that were implanted. The implantations may form ap-well in the substrate 40 in the first region 100 and an n-well in thesubstrate 40 in the second region 200.

In FIG. 3, a dummy dielectric layer is formed on the substrate 40. Thedummy dielectric layer may be, for example, silicon oxide, siliconnitride, a combination thereof, or the like, and may be deposited orthermally grown according to acceptable techniques, such as CVD, thermaloxidation, or the like. A dummy gate layer is formed over the dummydielectric layer. The dummy gate layer may be deposited, such as byusing CVD or the like, over the dummy dielectric layer and thenplanarized, such as by a CMP. The dummy gate layer may comprise, forexample, polysilicon, although other materials that have a high etchingselectivity may also be used. A mask layer is then formed over the dummygate layer. The mask layer may be deposited, such as by using CVD or thelike, over the dummy gate layer. The mask layer may comprise, forexample, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbon nitride, orthe like.

The mask layer may be patterned using acceptable photolithography andetching techniques to form masks 50. The pattern of the masks 50 thenmay be transferred to the dummy gate layer and dummy dielectric layer byan acceptable etching technique to form dummy gates 48 and dummy gatedielectrics 46 from the dummy gate layer and the dummy dielectric layer,respectively. The etching may comprise an acceptable anisotropicetching, such as RIE, NBE, or the like. A width W of the dummy gates 48and dummy gate dielectrics 46 can be in range from about 10 nm to about240 nm, such as about 20 nm. Each stack of a dummy gate 48 and a dummygate dielectric 46 has a combined height H. The height H can be in rangefrom about 20 nm to about 80 nm, such as about 40 nm. An aspect ratio ofthe height H to width W can be in a range from about 0.1 to about 8,such as about 5. The dummy gates 48 cover respective channel regions inthe substrate 40.

Implants for lightly doped source/drain (LDD) regions 52 may beperformed. Similar to the implants discussed above, a mask, such as aphotoresist, may be formed over the second region 200, e.g., for ap-type device, while exposing the first region 100, e.g., for an n-typedevice, and n-type impurities may be implanted into the exposedsubstrate 40 in the first region 100. The mask may then be removed.Subsequently, a mask, such as a photoresist, may be formed over thefirst region 100 while exposing the second region 200, and p-typeimpurities may be implanted into the exposed substrate 40 in the secondregion 200. The mask may then be removed. The n-type impurities may bethe any of the n-type impurities previously discussed, and the p-typeimpurities may be the any of the p-type impurities previously discussed.The lightly doped source/drain regions 52 may have a concentration ofimpurities from about 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ to about 10¹⁶ cm⁻³. An anneal may beused to activate the implanted impurities.

Gate spacers 54 are formed along sidewalls of the dummy gates 48 anddummy gate dielectrics 46. The gate spacers 54 may be formed byconformally depositing, such as by CVD or the like, a material andsubsequently anisotropically etching the material. The material of thegate spacers 54 may be silicon nitride, silicon carbon nitride, acombination thereof, or the like.

Further in FIG. 3, epitaxial source/drain regions 56 are formed in thesubstrate 40. A hardmask layer may be formed in the second region 200while the substrate 40 in the first region 100 remains exposed. Thehardmask layer can be silicon nitride, silicon carbon nitride, siliconoxynitride, silicon carbon oxynitride, the like, or a combinationthereof deposited by CVD or the like. Other materials and methods offorming the hardmask layer may be used. The hardmask layer may bepatterned to expose the first region 100 using any acceptablephotolithography and etching process, such as RIE, NBE, or the like.With the first region 100 exposed and the second region 200 masked, anetch selective to the substrate 40 in the first region 100 is performed.The etch can be any acceptable etch, such as a dry or wet etch, whichmay be anisotropic or isotropic. The etch recesses source/drain regionsin the first region 100. The epitaxial source/drain regions 56 are thenepitaxially grown in the recesses in the first region 100. The epitaxialgrowth may be by using Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD),Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE), Vapor PhaseEpitaxy (VPE), the like, or a combination thereof. The epitaxialsource/drain regions 56 in the first region 100 may comprise anyacceptable material, such as appropriate for the device type, e.g.,n-type. For example, the epitaxial source/drain regions 56 for an n-typedevice may comprise silicon, SiC, SiCP, SiP, or the like. Then, thehardmask layer may be removed from the second region 200, for example,using an etch selective to the material of the hardmask layer.

Another hardmask layer may be formed in the first region 100 while thesubstrate 40 in the second region 200 remains exposed. The hardmasklayer can be silicon nitride, silicon carbon nitride, siliconoxynitride, silicon carbon oxynitride, the like, or a combinationthereof deposited by CVD or the like. Other materials and methods offorming the hardmask layer may be used. The hardmask layer may bepatterned to expose the second region 200 using any acceptablephotolithography and etching process, such as RIE, NBE, or the like.With the second region 200 exposed and the first region 100 masked, anetch selective to the substrate 40 in the second region 200 isperformed. The etch can be any acceptable etch, such as a dry or wetetch, which may be anisotropic or isotropic. The etch recessessource/drain regions in the second region 200. The epitaxialsource/drain regions 56 are then epitaxially grown in the recesses inthe second region 200. The epitaxial growth may be by using MOCVD, MBE,LPE, VPE, the like, or a combination thereof. The epitaxial source/drainregions 56 in the second region 200 may comprise any acceptablematerial, such as appropriate for the device type, e.g., p-type. Forexample, the epitaxial source/drain regions 56 for a p-type device maycomprise SiGe, SiGeB, Ge, GeSn, or the like. Then, the hardmask layermay be removed from the first region 100, for example, using an etchselective to the material of the hardmask layer.

The epitaxial source/drain regions 56 may be implanted with dopants,similar to the process previously discussed for forming lightly dopedsource/drain regions, followed by an anneal. The source/drain regionsmay have an impurity concentration of between about 10¹⁹ cm⁻³ and about10²¹ cm⁻³. The n-type impurities for source/drain regions for an n-typedevice in the first region 100 may be any of the n-type impuritiespreviously discussed, and the p-type impurities for source/drain regionsin for the p-type device in the second region 200 may be any of thep-type impurities previously discussed. In other embodiments, theepitaxial source/drain regions 56 may be in situ doped during growth.

In FIG. 4, an etch stop layer (ESL) 58 is conformally formed on theepitaxial source/drain regions 56, gate spacers 54, masks 50, andisolation regions 42. In some embodiments, the ESL 58 may comprisesilicon nitride, silicon carbon nitride, or the like, formed usingAtomic Layer Deposition (ALD), CVD, the like, or a combination thereof.A bottom inter-layer dielectric (ILD0) 60 is deposited over the ESL 58.ILD0 60 may comprise Phospho-Silicate Glass (PSG), Boro-Silicate Glass(BSG), Boron-Doped Phospho-Silicate Glass (BPSG), undoped Silicate Glass(USG), or the like, and may be deposited by any suitable method, such asCVD, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), FCVD, the like, or a combinationthereof.

In FIG. 5, a planarization process, such as a CMP, is performed to levelthe top surface of ILD0 60 with the top surfaces of the dummy gates 48.The CMP may also remove the masks 50 and the ESL 58 from over the dummygates 48. Accordingly, top surfaces of the dummy gates 48 are exposedthrough the ILD0 60. The dummy gates 48 and the dummy gate dielectrics46 are removed in an etching step(s), so that openings through the ILD060 and defined by the gate spacers 54 are formed to the substrate 40.Each of the openings may have an aspect ratio corresponding to the widthW and height H discussed above with respect to FIG. 3 since the openingsare defined by the removal of the dummy gates 48 and dummy gatedielectrics 46. Each opening exposes a channel region in a respectiveactive area in the regions 100 and 200 of the substrate 40. Each channelregion is disposed between a corresponding pair of epitaxialsource/drain regions 56. The etching step(s) may be selective to thematerials of the dummy gates 48 and the dummy gate dielectrics 46, whichetching may be a dry or wet etching. During the etching, the dummy gatedielectrics 46 may be used as an etch stop layer when the dummy gates 48are etched. The dummy gate dielectric 46 may then be etched after theremoval of the dummy gates 48. Although not specifically illustrated,depending on the similarity of materials used for the ILD0 60 and thedummy gate dielectrics 46, the ILD0 60 may be recessed when the dummygate dielectrics 46 are removed, and this recessing may cause portionsof the ESL 58 and/or gate spacers 54 to protrude above the top surfaceof the ILD0 60.

An interfacial dielectric 62 is formed in each opening and on thesubstrate 40. The interfacial dielectric 62 may be, for example, anoxide or the like formed by thermal oxidation or the like. A thicknessof the interfacial dielectric 62 may be in a range from about 5 Å toabout 50 Å, such as about 10 Å. A gate dielectric layer 64 is thenformed conformally on the top surface of the ILD0 60 and in the openingsalong sidewalls of the gate spacers 54 and on the interfacial dielectric62. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 64 comprises a high-kdielectric material, and in these embodiments, the gate dielectric layer64 may have a k value greater than about 7.0, and may include a metaloxide or a silicate of Hf, Al, Zr, La, Mg, Ba, Ti, Pb, and combinationsthereof. The formation methods of gate dielectric layer 64 may includeALD, CVD, Molecular-Beam Deposition (MBD), the like, or a combinationthereof. A thickness of the gate dielectric layer 64 may be in a rangefrom about 5 Å to about 50 Å, such as about 15 Å.

A capping layer is then formed conformally on the gate dielectric layer64. In the illustrated embodiment, the capping layer comprises a firstsub-layer 66 and a second sub-layer 68. In some embodiments, the cappinglayer may be a single layer or may comprise additional sub-layers. Thecapping layer may function as a barrier layer to prevent a subsequentlydeposited metal-containing material from diffusing into the gatedielectric layer 64. Further, the second sub-layer 68, as illustrated,can function as an etch stop during the formation of a work functiontuning layer in regions 100 and 200 if the first sub-layer 66 is formedfrom a same material as the work function tuning layer, as will becomeclearer subsequently. The first sub-layer 66 can comprise titaniumnitride (TiN) or the like deposited conformally on the gate dielectriclayer 64 by ALD, CVD, or the like. The second sub-layer 68 can comprisetantalum nitride (TaN) or the like deposited conformally on the firstsub-layer 66 by ALD, CVD, or the like. A thickness of the capping layermay be in a range from about 10 Å to about 50 Å, such as about 20 Å. Inthe illustrated embodiment, a thickness of the first sub-layer 66 may bein a range from about 10 Å to about 50 Å, such as about 15 Å, and athickness of the second sub-layer 68 may be in a range from about 10 Åto about 50 Å, such as about 15 Å.

A first work function tuning layer 70 is then formed conformally on thecapping layer, e.g., on the second sub-layer 68. The first work functiontuning layer 70 may be any acceptable material with any acceptablethickness to tune a work function of a device, such as a p-type device,to a desired amount given the application of the device to be formed,and may be deposited using any acceptable deposition process. In someembodiments, the first work function tuning layer 70 comprises titaniumnitride (TiN) or the like deposited by ALD, CVD, or the like. Athickness of the first work function tuning layer 70 may be in a rangefrom about 20 Å to about 100 Å, such as about 50 Å.

A mask 72 is then patterned over the first work function tuning layer 70in the second region 200, while the first work function tuning layer 70in the first region 100 is exposed. In some embodiments, the mask 72 isa photoresist, which can be formed over the second region 200. Thephotoresist can be patterned to expose the first region 100. Thephotoresist can be formed by using a spin-on technique and can bepatterned using acceptable photolithography techniques. Once the mask 72is patterned, an etch selective to the first work function tuning layer70 is performed to remove the first work function tuning layer 70 fromthe first region 100, as illustrated in FIG. 6. The second sub-layer 68in the first region 100 may act as an etch stop during this etching. Themask 72 is then removed, such as by using an appropriate ashingprocessing if the mask 72 is a photoresist.

Further in FIG. 6, a second work function tuning layer 74 is then formedconformally on the capping layer, e.g., on the second sub-layer 68, inthe first region 100, and conformally on the first work function tuninglayer 70 in the second region 200. The second work function tuning layer74 may be any acceptable material with any acceptable thickness to tunea work function of a device to a desired amount given the application ofthe device to be formed, and may be deposited using any acceptabledeposition process. In some embodiments, the second work function tuninglayer 74 comprises titanium aluminum (TiAl) or the like deposited byALD, CVD, or the like. A thickness of the second work function tuninglayer 74 may be in a range from about 20 Å to about 80 Å, such as about40 Å.

A barrier layer 76 is then formed conformally on the second workfunction tuning layer 74 in the first region 100 and the second region200. The barrier layer 76 may be any acceptable material to prevent asubsequently deposited metal-containing material from diffusing into anunderlying layer, and may also function as a further work functiontuning layer. The barrier layer 76 may be deposited using any acceptabledeposition process. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 76 comprisestitanium nitride (TiN) or the like deposited by ALD, CVD, or the like. Athickness of the barrier layer 76 may be in a range from about 20 Å toabout 100 Å, such as about 60 Å.

A layer of a first metal 78 is then formed conformally on the barrierlayer 76 in the first region 100 and the second region 200. The layer ofa first metal 78 may be any acceptable metal, and may be deposited usingany acceptable deposition process. In some embodiments, the layer of afirst metal 78 is cobalt (Co) or the like deposited by physical vapordeposition (PVD), ALD, CVD, or the like. A thickness of the layer of thefirst metal 78 may be in a range from about 10 Å to about 50 Å, such asabout 20 Å.

An adhesion layer 80 is formed conformally on the layer of the firstmetal 78 in the first region 100 and the second region 200. Exampleadhesion layers and methods of forming the adhesion layers are discussedsubsequently.

A second metal 82 is formed on the adhesion layer 80 in the first region100 and the second region 200. In some embodiments, the second metal 82is a metal different from the first metal 78. The second metal 82 may beany acceptable metal, and may be deposited using any acceptabledeposition process. In some embodiments, the second metal 82 is aluminumor the like deposited by PVD, CVD, or the like. The deposition of thesecond metal 82 can be performed in situ after the deposition of thefirst metal 78. The second metal 82 fills the unfilled portions of theopenings.

Referring back to the adhesion layer 80, in some embodiments, theadhesion layer 80 is an oxide layer. The oxide layer, for example, maybe an oxide of the first metal 78, may comprise a first sub-layer of anoxide of the first metal 78 and a second sub-layer of an oxide of thesecond metal 82, or may be an oxide of a mixture of the first metal 78and the second metal 82. For example, when the first metal 78 is cobalt(Co) and the second metal 82 is aluminum (Al), the oxide layer can beCoO_(x), can comprise a sub-layer of CoO_(x) and a sub-layer of AlO_(y),or can be CoAl_(y)O_(z). The oxide layer can be formed by using athermal oxidation, an oxygen-containing plasma treatment, or the likeafter depositing the first metal 78 and before depositing the secondmetal 82. An example of an oxygen-containing plasma treatment would beexposure to an oxygen (O₂) plasma or the like. The oxide layer couldalso be a native oxide formed by exposing the first metal 78 to anatural, outside environment, such as by breaking a vacuum afterdepositing the first metal 78 and before depositing the second metal 82,such as by breaking the vacuum in situ after the deposition of the firstmetal 78. Then, the second metal 82 can be deposited on the oxide layer.The second metal 82, in some instances, may not react with or diffuseinto the oxide layer such that the oxide layer is an oxide of the firstmetal 78. In other instances, the second metal 82 can react with ordiffuse into the oxide layer to form respective sub-layers of an oxideof the first metal 78 and another oxide of the second metal 82, or toform an oxide of a mixture of the first metal 78 and the second metal82. A thickness of the oxide layer may be in a range from about 10 Å toabout 50 Å, such as about 20 Å. As an example, the oxide layer can havea density equal to or greater than 2.0 g/cm³, such as in a range fromabout 2.0 g/cm³ to about 5.0 g/cm³.

In some other embodiments, the adhesion layer 80 is a metal alloy layer.The metal alloy layer can be an alloy of the first metal 78 and thesecond metal 82. For example, when the first metal 78 is cobalt (Co) andthe second metal 82 is aluminum (Al), the metal alloy layer can be alayer of CoAl. After the first metal 78 and the second metal 82 aredeposited, an anneal can be performed to diffuse and react the metals 78and 82 at an interface therebetween to form the metal alloy layer. Theanneal may be at a temperature in a range from about 200° C. to about500° C., such as about 400° C., for a duration in a range from about 10seconds to about 600 seconds, such as about 150 seconds. A thickness ofthe metal alloy layer may be in a range from about 10 Å to about 50 Å,such as about 20 Å.

In FIG. 7, a planarization process, such as a CMP, may be performed toremove the excess portions of metals 78 and 82 and the layers 64, 66,68, 70, 74, 76, and 80, which excess portions are over the top surfaceof ILD0 60. Then, a controlled etch-back selective to the metals 78 and82 and the layers 64, 66, 68, 70, 74, 76, and 80 is performed to recessthose materials, which results in the gate structures illustrated inFIG. 7, from the top surface of the ILD0 60. The etch-back may comprisean acceptable anisotropic etching, such as RIE, NBE, or the like.

Buffer layers 84 are formed on the metals 78 and 82 and the layers 64,66, 68, 70, 74, 76, and 80. In some embodiments, the buffer layers 84are oxide layers. The oxide layer can be formed using a thermaloxidation, an oxygen-containing plasma treatment, or the like. Anexample of an oxygen-containing plasma treatment would be exposure to anoxygen (O₂) plasma or the like. The oxide layer could also be a nativeoxide formed by exposing the metals 78 and 82 and the layers 64, 66, 68,70, 74, 76, and 80 to a natural, outside environment, such as bybreaking a vacuum after the etch-back. A thickness of the buffer layer84 may be in a range from about 10 Å to about 50 Å, such as about 20 Å.The oxide layer may have a composition that corresponds to itsunderlying material. For example, if the second metal 82 is aluminum(Al), the oxide layer can be aluminum oxide (AlO_(x)). The oxide layermay have a varying composition proximate portions that overlie the firstmetal 78 and the layers 64, 66, 68, 70, 74, 76, and 80. In someembodiments, the thicknesses of these metal and layers can be smallcompared to the width of the second metal 82 at the oxide layer, andhence, the variance of composition can be small. The oxide layer can besubstantially free from pores and/or voids and may be very dense. As anexample, the oxide layer can have a density equal to or greater than 2.0g/cm³, such as in a range from about 2.0 g/cm³ to about 5.0 g/cm³.

Dielectric caps 86 are formed on the buffer layers 84. To form thedielectric caps 86, a cap dielectric layer can be deposited in theremaining portions of the openings above the buffer layers 84 and on thetop surface of the ILD0 60. The cap dielectric layer may comprisesilicon nitride, silicon carbon nitride, or the like, formed using CVD,PECVD, or the like. The cap dielectric layer can then be planarized,such as by CMP, to form top surfaces co-planar with the top surface ofthe ILD0 60 thereby forming the dielectric caps.

In FIG. 8, an upper ILD (ILD1) 88 is deposited over the ILD0 60 and thedielectric caps 86, and contacts 90 are formed through the ILD1 88, ILD060, and ESL 58 to the epitaxial source/drain regions 56. ILD1 88 isformed of a dielectric material such as PSG, BSG, BPSG, USG, or thelike, and may be deposited by any suitable method, such as CVD andPECVD. Openings for contacts 90 are formed through the ILD1 88, ILD0 60,and ESL 58. The openings may be formed using acceptable photolithographyand etching techniques. A liner, such as a diffusion barrier layer, anadhesion layer, or the like, and a conductive material are formed in theopenings. The liner may include titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum,tantalum nitride, or the like. The conductive material may be copper, acopper alloy, silver, gold, tungsten, aluminum, nickel, or the like. Aplanarization process, such as a CMP, may be performed to remove excessmaterial from a top surface of the ILD1 88. The remaining liner andconductive material form contacts 90 in the openings. An anneal processmay be performed to form a silicide at the interface between theepitaxial source/drain regions 56 and the contacts 90, respectively.

FIG. 8 illustrates a first device in the first region 100, which may bean n-type FET. The first device may have a tuned threshold voltage dueto the metals 78 and 82 and the layers 64, 66, 68, 74, 76, and 80included in the gate structure. FIG. 8 also illustrates a second devicein the second region 200, which may be a p-type FET. The second devicemay have a tuned threshold voltage due to the metals 78 and 82 and thelayers 64, 66, 68, 70, 74, 76, and 80 included in the gate structure.

Although not explicitly shown, a person having ordinary skill in the artwill readily understand that further processing steps may be performedon the structure in FIG. 8. For example, various Inter-Metal Dielectrics(IMD) and their corresponding metallizations may be formed over ILD1 88.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged view of the gate structure formed in the secondregion 200, which is shown to clarify the layers formed therein. Thegate structure in the first region 100 has a similar cross section,except without the first work function tuning layer 70 previouslydiscussed.

Some embodiments may achieve advantages. By forming an adhesion layerbetween two metals in a gate structure, adhesion between the metals canbe improved. By forming a buffer layer, such as an oxide layer, on thegate structure as described, adhesion between, for example, the metaland a subsequent dielectric layer, such as a dielectric cap, may beimproved. This improved adhesion can reduce diffusion of the conductivematerial and delamination.

An embodiment is a method. The method includes forming a firstsource/drain region and a second source/drain region in a substrate, andforming a gate structure between the first source/drain region and thesecond source/drain region and over the substrate. The gate structureincludes a gate dielectric layer over the substrate, a work functiontuning layer over the gate dielectric layer, a first metal over the workfunction tuning layer, an adhesion layer over the first metal, and asecond metal over the adhesion layer. The second metal is different fromthe first metal.

Another embodiment is a method. The method comprises forming a firstsource/drain region and a second source/drain region in a substrate andforming an inter-layer dielectric over the substrate. An opening isthrough the inter-layer dielectric to the substrate, and the opening isbetween the first source/drain region and the second source/drainregion. The method further comprises forming a gate dielectric layer inthe opening and over the substrate; forming a work function tuning layerin the opening and over the gate dielectric layer; forming a first metalin the opening and over the work function tuning layer; forming a secondmetal in the opening and over the first metal; and forming an adhesionlayer between the first metal and the second metal. The second metal isdifferent from the first metal.

A further embodiment is a structure. The structure comprises a firstsource/drain region and a second source/drain region in a substrate, agate structure on the substrate and between the first source/drainregion and the second source/drain region, and an inter-layer dielectricover the substrate and around the gate structure. The gate structurecomprises a gate dielectric layer over the substrate, a work functiontuning layer over the gate dielectric layer, a first metal over the workfunction tuning layer, an adhesion layer over the first metal, and asecond metal over the adhesion layer. The second metal is different fromthe first metal.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: forming a first source/drainregion and a second source/drain region in a substrate; and forming agate structure between the first source/drain region and the secondsource/drain region and over the substrate, wherein forming the gatestructure comprising: depositing a gate dielectric layer over thesubstrate, depositing a work function tuning layer over the gatedielectric layer, depositing a first metal over the work function tuninglayer, forming an adhesion layer over the first metal, wherein formingthe adhesion layer comprises oxidizing the first metal, and depositing asecond metal over the adhesion layer, the second metal being differentfrom the first metal.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the adhesionlayer comprises a first sub-layer of an oxide of the first metal and asecond sub-layer of an oxide of the second metal.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein the adhesion layer is an oxide of a mixture of the firstmetal and the second metal.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein formingthe gate structure comprises depositing, in a chamber, the first metalover the work function tuning layer, wherein oxidizing the first metalcomprises: after depositing the first metal, allowing a naturalenvironment in the chamber, and wherein the method further comprises:after allowing the natural environment in the chamber, depositing, inthe chamber, the second metal over the first metal, wherein the adhesionlayer comprises an oxide formed at least in part by allowing the naturalenvironment in the chamber.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein oxidizingthe first metal comprises after depositing the first metal, exposing thefirst metal to an oxygen-containing plasma, and wherein the methodfurther comprises: after exposing the first metal to theoxygen-containing plasma, depositing the second metal over the firstmetal, wherein the adhesion layer comprises an oxide formed at least inpart by exposing the first metal to the oxygen-containing plasma.
 6. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: forming a buffer layer over thegate structure, the buffer layer comprising an oxide of the secondmetal; and forming a dielectric cap over the buffer layer.
 7. The methodof claim 6 further comprising recessing the gate structure below a topsurface of a dielectric layer to define an opening above the gatestructure, wherein forming the buffer layer and the dielectric capcomprises forming the buffer layer and the dielectric cap in theopening.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first metal comprisescobalt and the second metal comprises aluminum.
 9. The method of claim1, wherein after depositing the second metal, a portion of the secondmetal diffuses into the adhesion layer.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein oxidizing the first metal comprises performing a thermaloxidation on the first metal.
 11. A method comprising: forming a firstsource/drain region and a second source/drain region in a substrate;forming an inter-layer dielectric over the substrate, an opening beingthrough the inter-layer dielectric to the substrate, the opening beingbetween the first source/drain region and the second source/drainregion; forming a gate dielectric layer in the opening and over thesubstrate; forming a work function tuning layer in the opening and overthe gate dielectric layer; forming a first metal in the opening and overthe work function tuning layer; forming a second metal in the openingand over the first metal, the second metal being different from thefirst metal; and forming an adhesion layer between the first metal andthe second metal, wherein forming the adhesion layer comprises annealingthe first metal and the second metal to react to form an alloy of thefirst metal and the second metal.
 12. The method of claim 11, whereinannealing the first metal and the second metal to react comprisesannealing the first metal and the second metal at a temperature in arange from 200° C. to 500° C.
 13. The method of claim 11 furthercomprising recessing the gate dielectric layer, the work function tuninglayer, the first metal, the second metal, and the adhesion layer below atop surface of the inter-layer dielectric.
 14. The method of claim 11further comprising: forming a buffer layer over the gate dielectriclayer, the work function tuning layer, the first metal, the secondmetal, and the adhesion layer in the opening; and forming a cappinglayer in the opening over the buffer layer.
 15. The method of claim 14,wherein forming the buffer layer comprises oxidizing the second metal.16. The method of claim 11, wherein a thickness of the alloy of thefirst metal and the second metal is in a range from 10 Å to 50 Å.
 17. Amethod comprising: forming a first source/drain region and a secondsource/drain region in a substrate; forming an inter-layer dielectricover the substrate, a first opening being through the inter-layerdielectric to the substrate, the first opening being between the firstsource/drain region and the second source/drain region; forming a gatedielectric layer in the first opening and over the substrate; forming afirst work function tuning layer in the first opening and over the gatedielectric layer; forming a first metal in the first opening and overthe first work function tuning layer; forming a second metal in thefirst opening and over the first metal, the second metal being differentfrom the first metal; and forming an adhesion layer between the firstmetal and the second metal, wherein the adhesion layer comprises atleast the first metal, and wherein the adhesion layer comprises: anoxide of the first metal and the second metal; an oxide of the secondmetal over an oxide of the first metal; or an alloy of the first metaland the second metal.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising:forming a third source/drain region and a fourth source/drain region inthe substrate; forming a second opening being through the inter-layerdielectric to the substrate between the third source/drain region andthe fourth source/drain region; after forming the first work functiontuning layer, masking the first opening by forming a mask over the firstwork function tuning layer over the first opening, wherein the mask ispatterned to expose the second opening; while masking the first opening,forming a second work function tuning layer in the second opening over aportion of the first work function tuning layer in the second opening;and after forming the second work function tuning layer, removing themask.
 19. The method of claim 17 further comprising: recessing portionsof the gate dielectric layer, the first work function tuning layer, thefirst metal, the second metal, and the adhesion layer so that topsurfaces of the gate dielectric layer, the first work function tuninglayer, the first metal, the second metal are below a top surface of theinter-layer dielectric; forming a buffer oxide layer in the firstopening by oxidizing top portions of the gate dielectric layer, thefirst work function tuning layer, the first metal, the second metal inthe first opening; and forming a dielectric cap in the first opening andover the buffer oxide layer.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein thefirst metal comprises cobalt and the second metal comprises aluminum.